Diseases

Pseudomonas corrugata Roberts & Scarlett - Pith Necrosis of Tomato

Systematic position.

Kingdom Procaryotae, section Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci, family Pseudomonadaceae, genus Pseudomonas.

Synonyms.

Pseudomonas corrugata Scarlett et al., 1978.

Biological group.

Hemibiotroph.

Morphology and biology.

First symptoms of the disease appear during fructification. There are big oblong spots on leaves and leaf lobules roll upward; these symptoms are especially appreciable on sunny days. Diseased leaves look like "scalded" ones, though keeping green color. Necrotic dark green streaks (about 25-50 cm in length) develop on stricken stems. Strong maceration of the diseased tissues with destruction of a core is possible. Cracks are often formed later in the stems with inner emptiness and with brown core tissue. Alternation of high (above 25°C) and low temperatures promotes the bacteriosis development. Cells of P.corrugata are straight bacilli. Moving by means of one and more polar flagella. Gram-negative. Aerobe. Non-sporing. Borders of colonies are uneven; their surface is cream-brown, folded. Bacteria P. corrugata grow on nutrient mediums quickly. They do not produce a fluorescent pigment on the King B medium. They dilute gelatin (but not all strains). Starch and l-arginine are not hydrolized. Levan is not formed. Oxidase and lecithinase reactions are positive. Producing acid from galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, melibiose, ribose, trehalose, saccharose, fructose, glycerin, inositol, mannitol, but not producing that from lactose, maltose, raffinose, ramnose, sorbitol, adonitol, dextrin, dulcitol, cellobiose. The pathogen uses arginine, asparagine, glutamine, histidine. The bacteria grow at 37°C, the growth stops at 41°C. Infection of the pathogen survives in the diseased seeds and vegetation residues.

Distribution.

Pith Necrosis of stem of tomato occurs in England, France, and other countries. This disease is found in Leningrad, Kemerovo, Saratov, Volgograd, Moscow, Vologda Regions, in Tatarstan, and also in Armenia, Belarus, and Latvia.

Ecology.

Pith Necrosis of stem of tomato is distributed in greenhouses with the increased humidity (90-95%) and temperature of both air (25-28°C) and ground. Drastic fluctuations of day and night temperatures promote development of this disease, as well as application of the increased dozses of nitric fertilizer with lack of potash and phosphoric, and especially boric fertilizers.

Economic significance.

Yield losses depend on a cultivated variety and on conditions of plant cultivation. In some greenhouses, the number of the struck plants reached to 100% in Tatarstan, 8-15% in Moscow Region, to 58% in Kemerovo Region, to 35% in Latvia. Control measures include optimal agriculture, maintenance of crop rotation, cultivation of relatively resistant varieties, thorough removal of plant residues, separating seeds from shrunken grains, treatment of seeds by pesticides before sowing, and treatment of plants by pesticides during vegetation period.

Reference citations:

Akhatov A.K., Dzhalilov F.S., Beloshapkina O.O., Stroikov Yu.M. & Chizhov V.N. 2002. Protection of vegetable cultures in the closed ground (hand-book). Moscow: KMK, 464 p. (in Russian).
Bilai V.I., Gvozdyak R.I., Kraev V.G., Ellanskaya I.A., Zirka T.I. & Muras V.A. 1988. Microorganisms as the pathogens of plant diseases. Kiev: Naukova dumka, 552 p. (in Russian).
Bykova G.A. 1992. Biological basis of tomato protection from bacterioses in protected ground of the North West zone of the Russian Federation. PhD Thesis. St. Petersburg: VIZR, 18 p. (in Russian).
Bykova G.A. 1994. Bacterial disease of tomato in the protected ground of Northwest of Russia. In: Zakharenko V.A. & Matveeva E.V., eds. Proc. All- Russian Conference. Bacterial diseases of potato and vegetable cultures and methods of their control. Moscow: RASKHN, p. 62-65 (in Russian).
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Kondratenko E.V., Bykova G.A., Sergeeva M.E. & Kozlov L.P. 1994. Production of diagnostic serum for Pseudomonas corrugata and its analysis in immunological tests. In: Zaharenko V.A. & Matveeva E.V., eds. Proc. All-Russian Conference. Bacterial diseases of potato and vegetable cultures and methods of their control. Moscow: RASKHN, p. 82-84 (in Russian).
Nosova O.N. 1990a. Studying tomato plants resistance to bacterioses. In: Gvozdyak R.I., ed. Phytocides. Bacterial diseases of plants. Materials of conference. Part 2. Kiev & Lvov: KGT-2, p. 74-75 (in Russian).
Nosova O.N. 1990b. Necrosis of core of tomato stem and basis for its control. PhD Thesis. Moscow: TSKHA, 18 p. (in Russian).
Pavlyushin V.A., ed. 2003. Methodical recommendations on studying bacterial diseases of tomato and measures of their control. St. Petersburg: VIZR, 29 p. (in Russian).
Pavlyushin V.A. & Makarov A.A., eds. 1999. Bacterial diseases of tomato and potato and measures of their control (methodical recommendations). St. Petersburg: VIZR, 30 p. (in Russian).
Pekhtereva E.Sh. 1994. Harmful disease of tomatoes in the closed ground. In: Zakharenko V.A. & Matveeva E.V., eds. Proc. All-Russian Conference. Bacterial diseases of potato and vegetable cultures and methods of their control. Moscow: RASKHN, p. 57-61 (in Russian).
Pekhtereva E.Sh. 1994. Bacteria - antagonists of the pathogen of pith necrosis of tomato. In: Zakharenko V.A. & Matveeva E.V., eds. Proc. All- Russian Conference. Bacterial diseases of potato and vegetable cultures and methods of their control. Moscow: RASKHN, p. 113-115 (in Russian).
Pekhtereva E.Sh. & Matveeva E.V. 1989. Bacteriosis of tomatoes in the closed ground. Zashchita rastenii 8: 42 (in Russian).
Popkova K.V. & Nosova O.N. 1989. Specific development of tomato bacterioses in greenhouse culture. In: Sinukov I.I., ed. News of Timiryasevskaya agricultural academy, 1. Moscow: Agropromizdat, p. 100-104 (in Russian).
Popkova K.V. & Nosova O.N. 1990. Features of development of pith necrosis of stems of tomato. In: Gvozdyak R.I., ed. Phytoncides. Bacterial diseases of plants. Materials of conference. Part 2. Kiev & Lvov: KGT-2, p. 75-76 (in Russian).
Popkova K.V. & Nosova O. N. 1991. Pith necrosis of stem of tomato and basis for its control. In: Sinukov I.I., ed. News of Timiryasevskaya agricultural academy. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 5, p. 89-96 (in Russian).
Prishchepa L.I. & Pevets N.V. 2004. Bacterial diseases of tomato in conditions of closed ground of Belarus. Zashchita rastenii 4: 25-26 (in Russian).
Rudakov O.L., Shmeleva G.K. & Rudakov N.M. 1994. Microorganisms accompanying vascular bacteriosis of tomatoes and their physiological properties. In: Zakharenko V.A. & Matveeva E.V., eds. Proc. All- Russian Conference. Bacterial diseases of potato and vegetable cultures and methods of their control. Moscow: RASKHN, p. 75-76 (in Russian).
Sidlyarevich V.I., Kolyadko N.N., Popov F.A., Prishchepa L.I., Zhukova P.S., Mikulskaya N.I., Bunyaki V.P., Zherdetskaya T.A., Zabara J.M., Evsegneeva N.V., Komarova M.S., Korunets I.V., Lameko V.M., Novikova O.T. & Osipov V.G. 1998. Vegetable culture. In: Samersov V.F., ed. Integrated systems of protection of agricultural crops from pests, diseases and weeds (recommendations). Baranovichi: Baranovichi integrated printing house, p. 189-243 (in Russian).

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Figure is published with F.A.Popov's (Belarus) kind permission.
 

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