Diseases

Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens (McCulloch) Young et al. - Basal Bacteriosis of Wheat.

Systematic position.

Kingdom Procaryotae, section Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci, family Pseudomonadaceae, genus Pseudomonas.

Synonyms.

Bacterium atrofaciens McCulloch, Phytomonas atrofaciens (McCulloch) Bergey et al., Pseudomonas atrofaciens (McCulloch) Stevens.

Biological group.

Hemibiotroph.

Morphology and biology.

Bacteriosis attacks leaves, grains, and scales of ears. On leaf plates, brown (not transparent) spots are formed; thus bacterial exudate and film are absent. Early infection frequently causes dwarfism of plants. Leaves dry up at strong lesion of plants, and ears are quite often deformed. The most typical disease symptoms are shown on ear scales. Basis of these scales is painted in dark brown to black. Their narrow internal part darkens at weak lesion; thus, the disease does not show precisely its symptoms. Strong lesion can lead to blackening of all scales. The disease passes to grain at the infection of plants before milky ripeness. Infected grain becomes puny, underdeveloped; thus, the germ perishes. The disease is transferred with seeds; at strong lesion, the seeds decay in ground, or seedlings die off. Cells of P. syringae pv. atrofaciens are straight bacilli, usually 0.6 x 1.0-2.7 mkm, moving by means of 1-4 polar flagella. Gram-negative. Forming capsules. Producing green fluorescing pigment. In beef extract (meat infusion) broth, colonies are white (later gray), round, smooth, brilliant. Diluting gelatin. Peptonizing milk without curtailing. Not restoring nitrates. Producing H2S and indol. Hydrolyzing starch. Forming acid from the media with saccharose, dextrose, galactose, xilose, mannose, glycerin. Not fermenting lactose, maltose, salicine, dulcitol, esculin, inulin. Oxidaze reaction is negative. The optimum temperature of growth is 25-28°C, maximum 36-37°C, minimum 2°C and lower. Pathogen remains in infected seeds and vegetation residues; it quickly perishes in ground.

Distribution.

Basal Bacteriosis of wheat meets in the USA, Canada, South Australia, and in countries of Southern Africa. The disease is distributed everywhere in the territories of former Soviet Union where wheat is growing; i.e., in the Central Black-Earth zone of Russia (Voronezh, Kursk, Belgorod, Tambov, Lipetsk, Orlov Regions), in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, in the Leningrad, Ivavov, Tver, Rostov, Moscow, Kirov, Volgograd, Saratov, and other Regions, in Western Siberia, Kabardino-Balkaria and North Ossetia, and also in Odessa, Mykolayiv, Kirovohrad, Cherkasy, Kiev, and other Regions of Ukraine, in Minsk, Mahilyow, and other Regions of Belarus, in Kazakhstan.

Ecology.

Basal Bacteriosis actively develops in cool and damp years, particularly during cold, damp spring. Its distribution is promoted by low monthly average temperature (15-18°C) during the beginning of earing before maturing, and increased air humidity (60-65% and more) and excessive precipitations just before grain ripening. Optimum temperature for the Basal Bacteriosis development is 23-25°C.

Economic significance.

In nature, the pathogen of Basal Bacteriosis of wheat attacks also rye, barley, and oats. Depending on a zone of wheat cultivation and weather conditions favorable for the bacteriosis development, this disease can infect 10-80% of ears of wheat plants during epiphytotics. In regions of the Central Black-Earth zone, the Basal Bacteriosis severity changes from 1 to 30-50% (at development 0.3 to 25.3%), depending on a variety of spring wheat and conditions of cultivation; some varieties of winter wheat (Voronezh and Lipetsk regions) can be infected by 72%. In Krasnodar Territory, about 36% of plants are struck by this disease at its distribution 50 to 100%. Control measures include optimal agriculture, maintenance of crop rotation, cultivation of relatively resistant varieties, careful removal of plant residues, separating seeds from shrunken grains, pesticide treatment of seeds before sowing, and treatment of plants by pesticides during vegetation period.

Reference citations:

Artemenko N.L., ed. 1977. Recommendations on diagnostics of basal bacteriosis of wheat). Kiev: Urozhai, 12 p. (in Russian).
D'yachenko A.A. 2006. Physiological and ecological bases of protection of plantings of grain cultures from bacterioses. PhD Thesis. Krasnodar: FGU KGAU, 24 p. (in Russian).
Gorlenko M.V. 1966. Bacterial diseases of plants. In: Sokolova N.A., ed. Moscow: Vyasshaya shkhola, 291 p. (in Russian).
Gorlenko M.V. 1979. Bacterioses of grain cereals. In: Izrail'skii V.P., ed. Bacterial diseases of plants. Moscow: Kolos, p. 3-43 (in Russian).
Gvozdyak R.I., ed. Phytocides. Bacterial diseases of plants. Materials of conference. Part 2. Kiev & Lvov: KGT-2, p. 54-55 (in Russian).
Ilyukhina M.K. 1976a. Bacterioses of winter wheat in the Central Black Earth atrip and Krasnodar tarritory and thesubstantiation of measures of its control. PhD Thesis. Moscow: UNIIZR, 18 p. (in Russian).
Ilyukhina M.K. 1976b. Bacterioses of winter wheat. In: Lakhidov A.I., ed. Technique of the account and the forecast of development of pests and diseases of field cultures in the Central Black Earth strip. Voronezh: Tsentralno-chernozhemnoe khnizhnoe izdatelstvo, p. 66-68(in Russian).
Ilyukhina M.K. 1979. Bacterioses of spring wheat. Agriculture, 8. Moscow: Kolos, p. 50-51 (in Russian).
Ilyukhina M.K. 1990. About development of norms of contamination of wheat seeds by bacterial objects. In: Gvozdyak R.I., ed. Phytocides. Bacterial diseases of plants. Materials of conference. Part 2. Kiev & Lvov: KGT-2, p. 52-53 (in Russian).
Izrail'skii V.P. 1960. Bacterial diseases of plants. Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izhdatelstvo selskokhozyaistvennoi literatury, 468 p. (in Russian).
Khavritsina T.I. 1976. Bacteriosis of a winter wheat. Zashchita rastenii 11: 25 (in Russian).
Khavritsina T.I., Sidorenko S.S. & Pravoshinskaya N.V. 1976. About bacterial diseases of winter wheat in Adygea autonomous region and measures of its control. In: Gorlenko M.V., ed. Condition and prospects of development of scientific researches on prevention of resistance of pests and pathogens of diseases to pesticides and development of effectual measures of struggle against bacterial diseases of plants (Abstracts of reports at IV meeting). Moscow: VASKHNIL, p. 93-94 (in Russian).
Koroleva I.B. & Sidorenko S.S. 1975. Bacteriosis of winter wheat. Zashchita rastenii 3: 52 (in Russian).
Koroleva I.E., Vilchevskaya E.V., Rukhovich D.I. 2003. Digital Wheat distribution Map. Laboratory of Soil Information of the Dokuchaev Soil Institute, Moscow, Russia [Based on: Yanvareva LF. (ed.), Martynjuk K.N., Kisileva N.M. 1989. Map of Land Use, Faculty of Geography, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.].
Min'ko N.D., Koroleva I.B. 1980. Pseudomonas atrofaciens - the basic pathogen of bacteriosis a spring wheat in forest-steppe of Ukraine. Microbiological journal 42 (4). Kiev: Naukova dumka, p. 415-419 (in Russian).
Oksent'yan U.G. 1948. Distribution and diagnostics of bacteriosis, caused by Pseudomonas atrofaciens. Reports of VASKHNIL. In: Mosolov V.P., ed. V. 4. Moscow: Izdatelsnvo MSKH USSR, p. 45-48 (in Russian).
Pavlyushin V.A., ed. 2005. Bacterioses of wheat and measures of their control (Methodical recommendations). St. Petersburg, 35 p. (in Russian).
Sidorenko S.S., Koroleva I.B. & Pastushenko L.T. 1977a. About the pathogen of basal bacteriosis of winter wheat in conditions of Ukraine. In: Gorlenko M.V., ed. Bacterial diseases of plants. Moscow: Kolos, p. 27-30 (in Russian).
Sidorenko S.S., Koroleva I.B. & Pravoshinskaya N.P. 1977b. In: Gorlenko M.V., ed. About bacterial diseases of a winter wheat in conditions of Ukrainain SSR. Bacterial diseases of plants. Moscow: Kolos, p. 23-26 (in Russian).
Shneider Yu.I. & Ilyukhina M.K. 1975. Studying bacterioses of winter wheat in Krasnodar territory. In: Phytopathogenic bacteria. Kiev: Naukova dumka, p. 144-146 (in Russian).
Shneider Yu.I. & Ilyukhina M.K. 1978. Severity of bacterioses of winter wheat. Zashchita rastenii 2: 32 (in Russian).
Spaar D., Kleinhempel G., Myuller G. & Naumann K. 1980. Bacterioses of cultural plants. Help book (transl.: Popkova K.V.). Moscow: Kolos, 143 p. (in Russian).
Suleiman Akhmed Beg Nabil. 1987. Stability of zoned and perspective varieties of winter wheat to basal bacteriosis in conditions of northern part of Forest-steppe of Ukrainian SSR. PhD Thesis. Kiev: UPK USKHA, 16 p. (in Russian).
Vzorov V.I. 1938a. Elucidation of specific structure and geography of bacterioses of plants in the Soviet Union. In: Kasichin A.N. & Villevalde U.M., eds. Summary of VIZR research works for 1936, Part III. Viruses and bacterioses of plants, a biological method, chemical method and mechanization of plant protection. Leningrad: Gosudarstvennoe izhdatelstvo sovkhoznoi i kolkhoznoi literatuty, p. 40-45 (in Russian).
Vzorov V.I. 1938b. Species and spreading of bacteriosis of agricultural plants in the Soviet Union. In: Borover S.Ya., ed. Byulleten Rostovskoi stantsii zashchity rastenii 9: 87-91 (in Russian).

© Lazarev A.M.

Photo is taken from the Archive of documentary photographs of the Institute of Phytopathology and Plant Protection at University of Goettingen (Germany) and is published with the kind sanction of Prof. Dr. K. Naumann (Germany).
 

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